Unbalance can be caused by the presence of single-phase generators, such as photovoltaic units, unbalanced impedance of the distribution system, due to geometric effects, and unequal loading of the phases. Unbalance can have a serious effect on the performance and energy efficiency of three-phase equipment such as induction motors, transformers and electronic converters. In most circumstances, serious unbalance can be avoided by good installation practice, but some loads, such as railways, require special attention.
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